How do I Choose the right IaC tool?
There are numerous tools that can be used, but before that, ask yourself and your team:
- Do you have any existing experience with a specific IaC tool?
- What programming skills does the team already have? (C#, Go, JSON, TypeScript—or none?)
- Which cloud provider are you using? In other words: where do you deploy resources?
- What is your deployment mechanism?
- What are the needs of your organisation? Do you have some compliance requirements?
- Do you need an imperative or declarative approach?
- Who will manage the IaC templates, and where will they live?
- Are you managing configuration too, or just provisioning infrastructure?
- Are there any changes happening outside the templates?
Check supported languages in your environment
Before selecting an IaC language, it is important to verify what your environment supports.
Here is how to go about it:
- Check official documentation: Cloud providers regularly update their documentation to list supported IaC tools. For example, Azure officially supports Bicep, Terraform, Pulumi, and Azure Resource Manager (ARM) templates.
- Review policy and compliance requirements: Some organisations mandate the use of specific IaC languages for security and governance purposes.
- Examine existing infrastructure: If your team already uses Terraform or ARM templates, it is recommended to align with that choice for consistency.
- Experiment in a test environment: Set up a simple deployment with different IaC languages to see which one aligns best with your workflow.
Choose the right language
The choice of an IaC language depends on the cloud provider, work environment, and personal preferences. Choosing the right language is the first challenge, as it shapes how you work and determines the scalability of your solutions.
Before selecting a language, it is important to: Verify which options your environment supports. Once you know what’s available, you can proceed confidently.
Decide on the best fit based on your cloud provider, organisational needs, and personal preference. Research how to get started and ensure a smooth transition to writing IaC.
10 Azure IaC Best Practices
Starting may seem overwhelming, but breaking it down into manageable steps will make it easier. Here are a few tips to help you get started successfully:
1. Set up your development environment
- Install the necessary tools and CLI for your chosen IaC language.
- Ensure you have access to an Azure subscription.
- Use a development environment like Visual Studio Code, which provides extensive support for IaC languages. Install extensions such as the Bicep Extension for VS Code, Terraform Extension by HashiCorp, or Pulumi Extension to improve syntax highlighting, autocompletion, and deployment capabilities.
- Use the PowerShell Extension terminal in VS Code to run your scripts and deploy infrastructure directly.
2. Learn from official resources
Microsoft provides excellent learning resources for Bicep. You can complete step-by-step learning modules on Microsoft Learn. Terraform and Pulumi also offer extensive documentation and hands-on labs.
3. Start with simple deployment
- Start with small resources, such as deploying a storage account (as shown in the examples).
- Test your scripts in a sandbox environment before deploying them to production.
- Follow best practices, such as using parameters and modular structures. Also, explore Azure Verified Modules, which support both Bicep and Terraform here.
4. Use version control system
Store your Infrastructure as Code files in GitHub, Azure DevOps, or another version-controlled repository to maintain detailed change histories and support rollback capabilities. This way, you have a 4 eyes principle in place before it gets pushed to production. Consequently, mistakes will be mitigated.
5. Test and Validate
Regular testing of IaC scripts is paramount. Ensuring scripts perform as expected before deploying them to production environments can prevent potential issues that could impact business operations
6. Avoid configuration drift
Avoiding drift is key to reliable infrastructure. By removing direct human access and routing all changes through your CI/CD pipeline, you ensure that Infrastructure as Code remains the single source of truth. You'll get consistent environments if you run the same assets through dev, test, and production.
Learn more on how to prevent infrastructure drift with Azure IAC.
7. Automate
Automation eliminates manual steps, reduces errors, and enables the consistent reproduction of environments.
Implement Continuous Integration (CI) and Continuous Deployment/ Delivery (CD) (CI/CD) pipelines (e.g., Azure Devops, GitHub Actions) to automate deployments of IAC across all environments (development, test, staging, and production).
8. Parameterise your IaC templates
Define all environments using the same IaC template, and vary only the input parameters (e.g. scale, region, resource SKUs). This keeps your infrastructure consistent across environments and avoids configuration drift. It also ensures that tests in lower environments are valid and representative of production.
9. Limit access to the production environment
Having people changing things manually in the production phase may cause your Infrastructure as Code to break. This applies particularly to imperative scripts that expect environments to match a defined state. To maintain control and consistency, restrict write access to production environments.
That being said, there may be some exceptional situations where an urgent change is required – which is too urgent to handle through the usual IaC process or CI/CD pipeline.
To cope with that, you can use one of these two controlled access methods:
- Use Priviliged Identity Management (PIM): PIM provides just-in-time access with time limits and optional approval. Access is temporary, logged, and auditable.
- Leverage Break glass accounts: A highly privileged account used only in emergencies. Credentials are stored securely and accessed under strict conditions.
10. Manage and Store Secrets in the right place
Never store your hard-coded secrets in your IaC code files. Instead, the best practice is to store and manage secrets in Azure Key Vault; a secure and centralised place.
Closing thoughts
Infrastructure as Code allows organisations to better manage their cloud resources precisely and effectively. By automating infrastructure deployments and managing them through code, businesses enhance their operational efficiency and prepare accordingly for disaster recovery.